Dopamine receptor D2

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Dopamine receptor D2
Identifiers
SymbolsDRD2; D2DR; D2R
External IDsOMIM: 126450 MGI: 94924 HomoloGene: 22561 IUPHAR: D2 GeneCards: DRD2 Gene
RNA expression pattern
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More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez181313489
EnsemblENSG00000149295ENSMUSG00000032259
UniProtP14416Q0VGH9
RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000795NM_010077
RefSeq (protein)NP_000786NP_034207
Location (UCSC)Chr 11:
112.79 - 112.85 Mb		Chr 9:
49.09 - 49.16 Mb
PubMed search[1][2]

Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.

Function

This gene encodes the D2 subtype of the dopamine receptor. This G protein-coupled receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity. A missense mutation in this gene causes myoclonus dystonia; other mutations have been associated with schizophrenia.[1]

Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A third variant has been described, but it has not been determined whether this form is normal or due to aberrant splicing.[2]

Genetics

Allelic variants:

The polymorphisms has been investigated with respect to association with schizophrenia.[4]

Some researchers have previously associated the polymorphism Taq 1A (rs1800497) to the DRD2 gene. However, the polymorphism sits in an exon of the ANKK1 gene.[5]

Ligands

Most of the older antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are antagonists for the dopamine D2 receptor, but are, in general, very unselective, at best selective only for the "D2-like family" receptors and so binding to D2, D3 and D4, and often also to many other receptors such as those for serotonin and histamine, resulting in a range of side-effects and making them poor agents for scientific research. In similar manner, older dopamine agonists used for Parkinson's disease such as bromocriptine and cabergoline are poorly selective for one dopamine receptor over another, and, although most of these agents do act as D2 agonists, they affect other subtypes as well. Several selective D2 ligands are, however, now available, and this number is likely to increase as further research progresses.

Agonists

Antagonists

  • L-741,626 (3-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl]methyl-1H-indole) - highly selective D2 antagonist
  • Melperone - D2 antagonist but also 5HT2A antagonist
  • Risperidone - D2 antagonist but also 5HT2A antagonist
  • Ziprasidone - D2 antagonist but also 5HT2A antagonist
  • Raclopride - Radiolabled C11raclopride is commonly employed in Positron emission tomography studies[7]


D2Sh selective (presynaptic autoreceptors)

Interactions

Dopamine receptor D2 has been shown to interact with Adenosine A2A receptor,[8] EPB41L1[9] and PPP1R9B.[10]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Missale C, Nash SR, Robinson SW; et al. (1998). "Dopamine receptors: from structure to function". Physiol. Rev. 78 (1): 189–225. PMID 9457173. 
  • Sidhu A, Niznik HB (2000). "Coupling of dopamine receptor subtypes to multiple and diverse G proteins". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 18 (7): 669–77. doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00033-2. PMID 10978845. 
  • Araki K, Kuwano R, Morii K; et al. (1993). "Structure and expression of human and rat D2 dopamine receptor genes". Neurochem. Int. 21 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1016/0197-0186(92)90071-X. PMID 1363862. 
  • Eubanks JH, Djabali M, Selleri L; et al. (1993). "Structure and linkage of the D2 dopamine receptor and neural cell adhesion molecule genes on human chromosome 11q23". Genomics. 14 (4): 1010–8. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80124-7. PMID 1478642. 
  • Dearry A, Falardeau P, Shores C, Caron MG (1992). "D2 dopamine receptors in the human retina: cloning of cDNA and localization of mRNA". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 11 (5): 437–53. doi:10.1007/BF00734808. PMID 1835903. 
  • Sarkar G, Kapelner S, Grandy DK; et al. (1992). "Direct sequencing of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in schizophrenics reveals three polymorphisms but no structural change in the receptor". Genomics. 11 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90096-W. PMID 1837284. 
  • Stormann TM, Gdula DC, Weiner DM, Brann MR (1990). "Molecular cloning and expression of a dopamine D2 receptor from human retina". Mol. Pharmacol. 37 (1): 1–6. PMID 2137193. 
  • Robakis NK, Mohamadi M, Fu DY; et al. (1990). "Human retina D2 receptor cDNAs have multiple polyadenylation sites and differ from a pituitary clone at the 5' non-coding region". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (5): 1299. doi:10.1093/nar/18.5.1299. PMC 330461 Freely accessible. PMID 2138729. 
  • Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J (1990). "DNA homology screening: isolation and characterization of the human D2A dopamine receptor subtype". Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 24: 9–14. PMID 2144985. 
  • Monsma FJ, McVittie LD, Gerfen CR; et al. (1990). "Multiple D2 dopamine receptors produced by alternative RNA splicing". Nature. 342 (6252): 926–9. doi:10.1038/342926a0. PMID 2480527. 
  • Dal Toso R, Sommer B, Ewert M; et al. (1990). "The dopamine D2 receptor: two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing". EMBO J. 8 (13): 4025–34. PMC 401577 Freely accessible. PMID 2531656. 
  • Grandy DK, Marchionni MA, Makam H; et al. (1990). "Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (24): 9762–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.24.9762. PMC 298581 Freely accessible. PMID 2532362. 
  • Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J (1990). "The major dopamine D2 receptor: molecular analysis of the human D2A subtype". DNA. 8 (9): 683–9. PMID 2533064. 
  • Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Mertens J; et al. (1995). "Comparison of in vitro binding properties of a series of dopamine antagonists and agonists for cloned human dopamine D2S and D2L receptors and for D2 receptors in rat striatal and mesolimbic tissues, using [125I] 2'-iodospiperone". Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 110 (1-2): 27–36. doi:10.1007/BF02246947. PMID 7870895. 
  • Itokawa M, Arinami T, Futamura N; et al. (1994). "A structural polymorphism of human dopamine D2 receptor, D2(Ser311-->Cys)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196 (3): 1369–75. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2404. PMID 7902708. 
  • Malmberg A, Jackson DM, Eriksson A, Mohell N (1993). "Unique binding characteristics of antipsychotic agents interacting with human dopamine D2A, D2B, and D3 receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 43 (5): 749–54. PMID 8099194. 
  • Seeman P, Ohara K, Ulpian C; et al. (1993). "Schizophrenia: normal sequence in the dopamine D2 receptor region that couples to G-proteins. DNA polymorphisms in D2". Neuropsychopharmacology. 8 (2): 137–42. PMID 8471125. 
  • Cravchik A, Sibley DR, Gejman PV (1996). "Functional analysis of the human D2 dopamine receptor missense variants". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (42): 26013–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.42.26013. PMID 8824240. 
  • Ho MK, Wong YH (1997). "Functional role of amino-terminal serine16 and serine27 of G alphaZ in receptor and effector coupling". J. Neurochem. 68 (6): 2514–22. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68062514.x. PMID 9166747. 
  • Centonze D, Gubellini P; et al. (2004). "Differential contribution of dopamine D2S and D2L receptors in the modulation of glutamate and GABA transmission in the striatum". Neuroscience. 129 (1): 157–66. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.043. PMID 15489038. 

External links

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Class A: Rhodopsin like
α1 (A, B, D) · α2 (A, B, C) · β1 · β2 · β3
Adenosine (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) · P2Y (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F) · 5-HT2 (A, B, C) · 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) · Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) · Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) · Melatonin (1A, 1B, 1C) · TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9)
Metabolites and
signaling molecules
CysLT (1, 2) · LTB4 (1, 2) · FPRL1 · OXE · Prostaglandin (DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), FP) · Prostacyclin · Thromboxane
Other
Bile acid · Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2, GPR (18, 55, 119)) · EBI2 · Estrogen · Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) · Lactate  · Lysophosphatidic acid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)  · Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · Niacin (1, 2) · Oxoglutarate · PAF · Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · Succinate
Peptide
B/W (1, 2) · FF (1, 2) · S · Y (1, 2, 4, 5) · Neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) · Neurotensin (1, 2)
Other
Miscellaneous
GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 109A, 109B, 119, 120, 132, 135, 137B, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183)
Other
Class B: Secretin like
GPR (56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 155, 157)
Other
Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone
TAS1R (1, 2, 3) · TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 30, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50)
Other
Class F:
Frizzled / Smoothened
Frizzled
Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
Smoothened
pt:Receptor D2 de dopamina ru:D2-рецептор
  1. ↑ "Gene Overview of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies for DRD2". Schizophrenia Research Forum. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-06-09. 
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: DRD2 dopamine receptor D2". 
  3. ↑ T. Arinami, M. Gao, H. Hamaguchi, M. Toru (1997). "A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia". Human Molecular Genetics. 6: 577–582. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.577. 
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  6. ↑ "Clinical Pharmacology for Abilify". RxList.com. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-01-21. 
  7. ↑ Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS (2004). "Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review". J Addict Dis. 23 (3): 39–53. doi:10.1300/J069v23n03_04. PMID 15256343. 
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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