Benzylpiperazine

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Benzylpiperazine
File:Benzylpiperazine.svg
File:BZP3d.png
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-benzylpiperazine
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		 Oral, intravenous, insufflation
Legal status
Legal status
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: Schedule I
  • Class C in New Zealand. Legal in some countries
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Unknown
Metabolism Hepatic
Biological half-life 5.5 Hours [1]
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
CAS Number 2759-28-6
ATC code none
PubChem CID 75994
ChemSpider 68493
Chemical data
Formula C11H16N2
Molar mass 176.258 g/mol[[Script error: No such module "String".]]
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Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a recreational drug with euphoric, stimulant properties. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis, renal toxicity, and seizures. No deaths have been reported following a sole ingestion of BZP, although there have been at least two deaths from the combination of BZP and MDMA. Its sale is banned in a few countries, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Romania and other parts of Europe.[2][3] However, its legal status is currently less restrictive in some other countries such as Canada, with investigations and regulations pending under European Union laws.

History

Development history

It is often claimed that BZP was originally synthesized as a potential antihelminthic (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals.[4] However, there are some references to BZP in medical literature that predate interest in piperazines as antihelminthics. Even so, the majority of the early work with the piperazines were investigations into their potential use as antihelminthics with the earliest clinical trials in the literature relating to piperazine being articles in the British Medical Journal in the 1950s.[5][6] It was discovered that BZP had side effects and was largely abandoned as a worm treatment. It next appears in the literature in the 1970s when it was investigated as a potential antidepressant medication, but rejected when research reported that BZP had amphetamine-like effects and was liable to abuse. The study suggested that BZP “should be placed under statutory control similar to those regulating the use of amphetamine.”[7]

Recreational history

In the early 1990s, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration noted the drug was being used recreationally in California. It also reported that BZP was being used as an adulterant in illicit drugs. Not long after, there was an explosion in the drug's use worldwide — a situation which was soon followed by legislative control in many countries. Since 1999, benzylpiperazine use grew sharply in New Zealand due to an initial complete lack of regulation. The New Zealand government attempted to ban the product as of December 18, 2007, but the necessary second reading of the bill did not happen in time for the law to be passed.[8][9] It was so widely used that an estimated 5 million pills were sold in New Zealand in 2007.[10] Piperazine-based stimulants began to appear in Europe in 2000[11] but remained virtually unavailable in the rest of the world until recently. In early 2006, pills containing the active ingredients BZP and TFMPP began to appear in the city of Vancouver, Canada, where they first gained popularity with late night party-goers as a safer alternative to many of the illicit street drugs commonly available there. In 2007 piperazine based party-pill formulations started to become widely available nationwide which has caused concern with local authorities such as Health Canada and subsequently BZP has gained much media attention in 2008. As of May 2008 piperazines such as BZP and TFMPP have been under evaluation by Health Canada in order to determine whether or not party-pills pose a significant health risk to individuals. At this time no official decision has been made regarding these specific piperazines becoming restricted substances, or if they should be banned altogether in Canada. In the United States, it is still used as an adulterant in ecstasy mimic tablets.[12]

Production and distribution

File:Bzp brands.jpg
A selection of products containing BZP.

BZP is a piperazine derivative which comes as either the hydrochloride salt or a free base. The hydrochloride salt is a white solid while the base form is a slightly yellowish-green liquid. BZP base is corrosive and causes burns.[13]

In countries where its purchase is legal, BZP products are often produced in small specialist laboratories. The raw materials can be purchased from various chemical supply agencies and formed into tablets or capsules using relatively cheap production techniques. The resulting product can be marketed at extremely high markup, so end-user prices can be as high as 300 times the bulk cost of raw ingredients.[citation needed]

BZP is often marketed ostensibly as a "dietary supplement" to avoid meeting stricter laws that apply to medicines and drugs, despite the fact that BZP has no dietary value. As of late 2005, the Misuse of Drugs Act ensured it can no longer be classified or marketed as a dietary supplement in New Zealand.[8] Some retailers claim that BZP is a "natural" product, describing it as a "pepper extract" or "herbal high," when in fact the drug is entirely synthetic,[10] and has not been found to occur naturally.[14]

Pharmacodynamics

BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action, acting on the serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor systems in a similar fashion to MDMA.[15] BZP has amphetamine-like actions on the serotonin reuptake transporter, which increase serotonin concentrations in the extracellular fluids surrounding the cell and thereby increasing activation of the surrounding serotonin receptors.[16][17] BZP has a lower potency effect on the noradrenaline reuptake transporter and the dopamine reuptake transporter.[15] BZP has a high affinity action at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor, it is an antagonist at the receptor, like yohimbine, which inhibits negative feedback, causing an increase in released noradrenaline.[18]

BZP also acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist on a wide variety of serotonin receptors;[16] binding to 5HT2A receptors may explain its mild hallucinogenic effects at high doses, while partial agonist or antagonist effects at the 5HT2B receptors may explain some of BZPs peripheral side effects, as this receptor is expressed very densely in the gut, and binding to 5HT3 receptors may explain the common side effect of headaches, as this receptor is known to be involved in the development of migraine headaches.

There is still much that is not known about the pharmacokinetics of benzylpiperazine. Its metabolism is mainly through the enzymes CYP2D6 and COMT.[10]

Effects

File:Eye bzp.jpg
Typical pupil dilation

The effects of BZP are largely similar to amphetamines,[19] with one study finding that former amphetamine addicts were unable to distinguish between dextroamphetamine and BZP administered intravenously.[7] Users report alertness, euphoria and a general feeling of well being. The perception of certain sensations such as taste, colour or music may be subjectively enhanced. The average duration is longer than that of dextroamphetamine, typically lasting 4–6 hours with reports as long as 8 hours depending on the dose.[20] A recent study has shown that mixtures of BZP with other piperazine drugs such as TFMPP share certain pharmacodynamic traits with MDMA.[21]

Subjective effects

Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP, the user may experience any or all of the following:

Coming up:[20][22][23]

Coming down:[22]

Tolerance

Research into BZP's tolerance is sparse. Anecdotal evidence from online sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop quickly.[18] Due to tiredness associated with the body's recovery from stimulants, such as BZP, it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week-long intake.

Toxic effects

File:Bzptablet.jpg
An impure 'ecstasy' tablet - seized by law enforcement in the United States - containing BZP, methamphetamine, and caffeine

As with most sympathomimetic stimulants there appear to be significant side effects associated with BZP use. BZP reportedly produces insomnia and a mild to severe hangover after the drug effect wears off,[22] however, some manufacturers in New Zealand have started including recovery pills which contain 5-HTP and vitamins which allegedly ease these hangovers.

The major side effects include dilated pupils, blurred vision, dryness of the mouth, extreme alertness, pruritus, confusion, agitation, tremor, extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia), headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting, chest pain, hallucinations, paresthesia, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, collapse, hyperventilation, sweating, hyperthermia, and problems with urine retention.[22][24][25][26] The more severe toxic effects include psychosis or adverse psychiatric events,[27][28] renal toxicity,[14] respiratory failure,[29] and seizure.[22][25] Blood benzylpiperazine concentrations have been measured either to confirm clinical intoxication or as part of a medicolegal death investigation.[30]

Christchurch study

The majority of the toxic effects information came from a study conducted between 1 April 2005 to 1 September 2005. The study recorded all presentations associated with party pill use at the Emergency Department of Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand by recording them on a prospective data collection form. The aim was to study the patterns of human toxicity related to the use of benzylpiperazine-based 'party pills'. 61 patients presented on 80 occasions. Patients with mild to moderate toxicity experienced symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dystonia, and urinary retention. Significantly, fourteen toxic seizures were recorded with two patients suffering life-threatening toxicity with status epilepticus and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis. It was concluded that BZP appears to induce toxic seizures in neurologically normal subjects.[25] The results of this study and others like it[22][26] showed that BZP can cause unpredictable and serious toxicity in some individuals, but the data and dosage collection were reliant on self reporting by drug users, which may result in under-reporting, and there were complicating factors like the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs.[26]

Attributed deaths

According to party pill manufacturer Matt Bowden, over 20 million pills containing BZP have been consumed in New Zealand with no available record attributing deaths or lasting injuries to a single ingestion of BZP.[31] Additionally, a retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose database with most cases not producing any significant toxicity.[26] Several cases where BZP individually or combined with alcohol or other medicines or illicit drugs resulting in complications exist. One such example is the well publicised case of a combination of BZP and MDMA by a 23 year old from Greymouth, New Zealand. Ben Rodham, a DJ, ingested a combination of BZP and MDMA in February 2007, which nearly resulted in his death. Rodham was put into an induced coma in an effort to prevent him from dying. He later recovered.[32]

After many millions of doses consumed worldwide, two deaths have been officially recorded in correlation with the use of BZP, although no causal relationship has been proven.[33][34] In the first case in Zurich in 2001 a 23-year-old took two BZP tablets as well as ecstasy (MDMA) and drank more than 10 litres of water in a 15-hour period, subsequently dying of cerebral edema due to hyponatremia resulting from water intoxication.[33] In the second case a male 25 year old New Zealander ingested alcohol alongside BZP and MDMA.[34] The cause of death of this individual has not been released. It is uncertain what role the BZP may have had in these deaths. MDMA is thought by some to be a contributing factor to death from hyponatremia;[25][35] it is possible that BZP may also fall into this category.

Addictive effects

One in every 45 (2.2%) last-year users of BZP in New Zealand is classed as dependent upon it, although 97.9% of users said that "it would not be difficult to stop using legal party pills", and 45.2% of people who reported using both BZP and illegal drugs such as methamphetamine reported that they used BZP so that they did not have to use methamphetamine, which was perceived as more harmful.[36] Still, most of the people who use BZP, even though they say it is quite easy to stop, do not want to, and continue to use the drug, feeling that it helps them to reach higher levels of mood, sociability, and energy.[36] Studies undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for methamphetamine in addicted rats, although it is ten times less potent and produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects.[37]

Legal issues

The drug was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in 2002,[13] following a report by the DEA which incorrectly stated that BZP was 10 to 20 times more potent than amphetamine,[38] when in fact BZP is ten times less potent than dexamphetamine.[39] The DEA subsequently admitted this mistake, but nevertheless retained the Schedule 1 classification. BZP is banned in all Australian states. Victoria, the last state in which it was legal, changed its classification on September 1, 2006.[40] This is the date BZP and piperazine analogs become illegal in the federal schedules which are now enacted by all Australian states and territories. BZP is also a banned substance in Japan, along with TFMPP. Both Australia and Japan admit that their scheduling decisions were made primarily in response to the Schedule 1 classification given to BZP in the USA,[citation needed] although some instances of BZP use had been reported by law enforcement authorities in both countries. BZP is also banned in Greece, Italy, Ireland, Malta, Denmark and Sweden.[10][41]

Piperazine and salts of piperazine are classified as Prescription Only Medicines in the UK. Any products containing salts of piperazine would be licensable under the Medicines Act[42] and consequently anyone manufacturing and supplying it legally must hold the relevant licenses to do so. BZP is not a salt of piperazine, but mislabelling of BZP products as containing "piperazine blend" resulted in some prosecutions of suppliers in the UK by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, although none were successful.[43] In May 2009, the Home Office announced plans to ban BZP,[44] and has launched a consultation on the proposal.[45] In October 2009, it was announced that from 23 December 2009, BZP and related piperazines would be Class C drugs under the Misuse Of Drugs Act.[46]

Currently, BZP and other analogous piperazines are still legal and uncontrolled in several Western countries, most notoriously Canada. However, Canadian suppliers often decline foreign orders even if they originate from countries where BZP is not regulated.[citation needed] The largest supplier in Canada, Purepillz, currently states on its website that it will not ship BZP based products to The European Union due to a proposed ban in the E.U.[41][47] As of May 2010 BZP's status in Canada is that of an unregulated chemical agent the sales of which are theoretically unrestricted. However, due to its high retail price in Canada BZP is rarely used by stimulant abusers who can obtain cheaper and stronger drugs on the illicit market and for the same reason few young people use it, and lukewarm media interest creates little pressure on authorities for regulation. This may delay any legislation project in the near future.[citation needed] BZP is not controlled under any UN convention, so the compounds themselves are legal throughout most of the world, although in most countries their use is restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is unknown.[48]

Benzylpiperazine is, however, to be the subject of a European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) risk assessment, the results of which may determine what, if any, control will placed on BZP throughout the European Union. The risk assessment comes about as the result of a joint Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in more detail. The results were published in June 2007.[49] The report concluded that the use of BZP can lead to medical problems even if the long effects are still unknown. Taking this concession as a basis, the European Commission has decided to ask the Council to place BZP under control of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[50] On 4 March 2008, the EU requested countries to place BZP under control within a year [51] and France complied in May 2008.[52]

Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP, along with the other piperazine derivatives TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP and MBZP, into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on December 18, 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs was in effect until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal.[53]

Chemical derivatives

A number of BZP derivatives are drugs, including the following:

Befuraline, fipexide, and piberaline are all known to metabolize to BZP.

All diphenylmethylpiperazines are also technically benzylpiperazines.

See also

References

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External links

de:1-Benzylpiperazin

fr:Benzylpipérazine it:Benzilpiperazina nl:Benzylpiperazine pl:Benzylopiperazyna ru:Бензилпиперазин simple:Benzylpiperazine fi:Bentsyylipiperatsiini

sv:BZP
  1. ↑ "Pharmacokinetics of 'party pill' drug N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) in healthy human participants". Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  2. ↑ Topping, Alexandra (2007-06-18). "Legal dance drug faces ban amid fears over side-effects". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  3. ↑ Examiner (2007-06-18). "Harney announces ban on stimulant BZP". The Irish Examiner. Retrieved 2009-12-28. 
  4. ↑ "Lay off the party pills". New Zealand Medical Association. 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  5. ↑ White R, Standen O (1953). "Piperazine in the treatment of threadworms in children; report on a clinical trial". British Medical Journal. 2 (4839): 755–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4839.755. PMC 2029560 Freely accessible. PMID 13082101. 
  6. ↑ Standen O (1955). "Activity of piperazine, in vitro, against Ascaris lumbricoides". British Medical Journal. 2 (4930): 20–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4930.20-a. PMC 1980175 Freely accessible. PMID 14378628. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Campbell H, Cline W, Evans M, Lloyd J, Peck A (1973). "Comparison of the effects of dexamphetamine and 1-benzylpiperazine in former addicts". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 6 (3): 170–6. doi:10.1007/BF00558281. PMID 4586849. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Misuse of Drugs Amendment Act 2005" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 2005-06-17. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  9. ↑ Michele McPherson (2007-12-12). "Party Pill Ban Delayed". Bay of Plenty Times. Retrieved 2007-12-31. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gee P, Fountain J (2007). "Party on? BZP party pills in New Zealand" (PDF). N Z Med J. 120 (1249): U2422. PMID 17308559. 
  11. ↑ de Boer D, Bosman I, Hidvégi E, Manzoni C, Benkö A, dos Reys L, Maes R (2001). "Piperazine-like compounds: a new group of designer drugs-of-abuse on the European market". Forensic Sci Int. 121 (1-2): 47–56. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00452-2. PMID 11516887. 
  12. ↑ "DEA Microgram December 2008: Ecstasy Mimic Tablets". 2008-12-25. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Alansari M, Hamilton D (2006). "Nephrotoxicity of BZP-based herbal party pills: a New Zealand case report". N Z Med J. 119 (1233): U1959. PMID 16680176. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Baumann M, Clark R, Budzynski A, Partilla J, Blough B, Rothman R (2004). "Effects of "Legal X" piperazine analogs on dopamine and serotonin release in rat brain". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1025: 189–97. doi:10.1196/annals.1316.024. PMID 15542717. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tekes K, Tóthfalusi L, Malomvölgyi B, Hermán F, Magyar K (1987). "Studies on the biochemical mode of action of EGYT-475, a new antidepressant". Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 39 (2): 203–11. PMID 2448760. 
  17. ↑ Lyon R, Titeler M, McKenney J, Magee P, Glennon R (1986). "Synthesis and evaluation of phenyl- and benzylpiperazines as potential serotonergic agents". J Med Chem. 29 (5): 630–4. doi:10.1021/jm00155a008. PMID 3701781. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  19. ↑ Fantegrossi W, Winger G, Woods J, Woolverton W, Coop A (2005). "Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of 1-benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine in rhesus monkeys". Drug Alcohol Depend. 77 (2): 161–8. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.014. PMID 15664717. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "BZP Experiences". drugs-forum.co.uk. 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2008-05-26.  Text "Drug " ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Baumann M, Clark R, Budzynski A, Partilla J, Blough B, Rothman R (2005). "N-substituted piperazines abused by humans mimic the molecular mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy')". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (3): 550–60. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300585. PMID 15496938. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Nicholson T (2006). "Prevalence of use, epidemiology and toxicity of 'herbal party pills' among those presenting to the emergency department". Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA. 18 (2): 180–4. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2006.00826.x. PMID 16669944. 
  23. ↑ "Erowid experience vault: Lazer Light Loving BZP & TFMPP". Erowid. 2004-10-28. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Gee P, Richardson S, Woltersdorf W, Moore G (2005). "Toxic effects of BZP-based herbal party pills in humans: a prospective study in Christchurch, New Zealand" (PDF). N Z Med J. 118 (1227): U1784. PMID 16372033. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Theron L, Jansen K, Miles J (2007). "Benzylpiperizine-based party pills' impact on the Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department Overdose Database (2002-2004) compared with ecstasy (MDMA or methylene dioxymethamphetamine), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, cocaine, and alcohol" (PDF). N Z Med J. 120 (1249): U2416. PMID 17308553. 
  27. ↑ Mohandas A, Vecchio D (2008). "A case report of Benzylpiperazine induced new onset affective symptoms in a patient with schizophrenia". European Psychiatry. 23: S315–S316. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1085. 
  28. ↑ Austin H, Monasterio E (2004). "Acute psychosis following ingestion of 'Rapture'". Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. 12 (4): 406–8. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1665.2004.02137.x. PMID 15715818. 
  29. ↑ Harnett MA (2007). "Piperazine-Based Party Drugs: Case Series of 73 Poisonings [abstract]". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 45 (4): 373. doi:10.1080/15563650701284894. 
  30. ↑ Baselt, R. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8 ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 155–156. 
  31. ↑ Bowden, Matt (2005-11-02). "Call for BZP ban misses the point" (PDF). STANZ. Retrieved 2008-03-03. 
  32. ↑ "Party On?". TV3 New Zealand. 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Balmelli C, Kupferschmidt H, Rentsch K, Schneemann M (2001). "Fatal brain edema after ingestion of ecstasy and benzylpiperazine". Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 126 (28-29): 809–11. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15702. PMID 11499262.  11.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Carter, Bridget (2007-01-07). "Coroner probes party pill link in New Year death". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  35. ↑ Hall A, Henry J (2006). "Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management". Br J Anaesth. 96 (6): 678–85. doi:10.1093/bja/ael078. PMID 16595612. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Wilkins C, Girling M, Sweetsur P, Huckle T, Huakau J. "Legal party pill use in New Zealand: Prevalence of use, availability, health harms and 'gateway effects' of benzylpiperazine (BZP) and triflourophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP)" (PDF). Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE). Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
  37. ↑ Brennan K, Johnstone A, Fitzmaurice P, Lea R, Schenk S (2007). "Chronic benzylpiperazine (BZP) exposure produces behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine (MA)". Drug Alcohol Depend. 88 (2-3): 204–13. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.016. PMID 17125936. 
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  39. ↑ "DEA error on BZP potency" (PDF). Stargate International. 2004-09-15. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  40. ↑ "Warning on buying banned drug over web". The Australian. 2006-10-10. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Benzylpiperazine Legal Status". Erowid. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  42. ↑ Sect. 8 of Medicines Act 1968 - Schedule 3, SI 3144 The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc) Regulations 1994
  43. ↑ "Thousands of 'pep' pills seized in Middlesbrough". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 2006-08-17. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
  44. ↑ "Move to outlaw two 'party' drugs". BBC News. 2009-05-21. 
  45. ↑ "Summary of response: consultation on proposed control under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 of (1) 1-Benzylpiperazine and a group of substituted piperazines". Homeoffice.gov.uk. Octover 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-01.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ↑ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2009". 
  47. ↑ "PurepPillz.ca official web page". 
  48. ↑ "Benzylpiperazine Legal Status". Erowid.org. 2002-11-17. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  49. ↑ "New drug under formal scrutiny: Council asks EMCDDA to assess risks of BZP" (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
  50. ↑ EUROPA (2007-07-17). "New Commission proposal to strengthen control of synthetic drug BZP". EU New Commission. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 
  51. ↑ "New drug BZP to be placed under control across the EU" (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  52. ↑ "Classment comme stupefient de la BZP". 
  53. ↑ "Misuse of Drugs (Classification of BZP) Amendment Bill" (PDF). New Zealand Parliament. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
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