Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2

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Cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2
Identifiers
SymbolsCHRM2; FLJ43243; HM2; MGC120006; MGC120007
External IDsOMIM: 118493 MGI: 88397 HomoloGene: 20190 IUPHAR: M2 GeneCards: CHRM2 Gene
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez1129243764
EnsemblENSG00000181072ENSMUSG00000045613
UniProtP08172Q05CZ8
RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000739NM_203491
RefSeq (protein)NP_000730NP_987076
Location (UCSC)Chr 7:
136.2 - 136.36 Mb		Chr 6:
36.45 - 36.45 Mb
PubMed search[1][2]

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Function

Heart

The M2 muscarinic receptors are located in the heart, where they act to slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm after stimulatory actions of the sympathetic nervous system, by slowing the speed of depolarization. They also reduce contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle, and reduce conduction velocity of the atrioventricular node (AV node). However, they have no effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle.

IQ

There is "a highly significant association" between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence according to a 2006 Dutch family study. The study concluded that there was an association between the CHRM2 gene on chromosome 7 and Performance IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. The Dutch family study used a sample of 667 individuals from 304 families.[1] A similar association was found independently in the Minnesota Twin and Family Study (Comings et al. 2003) and by the Department of Psychiatry at the Washington University.[2] However, a 2009 study found no association between the gene and intelligence.[3]

Mechanism

M2 muscarinic receptors act via a Gi type receptor, which causes a decrease in cAMP in the cell, generally leading to inhibitory-type effects.

In addition, they modulate muscarinic potassium channels.[4][5] In the heart, this contributes to a decreased heart rate.

Gene

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 is encoded by the gene CHRM2.[6]

Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene.[6]

Ligands

Few highly selective M2 agonists are available at present, although there are several non-selective muscarinic agonists that stimulate M2, and a number of selective M2 antagonists are available.

Agonists

  • Bethanechol (nonselective muscarinic agonist)
  • (2S,2'R,3'S,5'R)-1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxide methyl iodide (selective for M2 but only partial agonist)[7]

Antagonists

  • Dimethindene - N,N-Dimethyl-3-[(1S)-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl]-1H-indene-2-ethanamine, CAS# 121367-05-3, mixed M2 / histamine H1 antagonist
  • Otenzepad - 11-([2-[(Diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, CAS# 102394-31-0
  • AQRA-741 - 11-([4-[4-(Diethylamino)butyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, CAS# 123548-16-3
  • AFDX-384 (mixed M2/M4 antagonist) - N-[2-[2-[(Dipropylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dihydro-6-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine-11-carboxamide, CAS# 118290-27-0

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Goyal RK; Underhill, Lisa H.; Goyal, Raj K. (1989). "Muscarinic receptor subtypes. Physiology and clinical implications". N. Engl. J. Med. 321 (15): 1022–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198910123211506. PMID 2674717. 
  • Brann MR, Ellis J, Jørgensen H; et al. (1994). "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes: localization and structure/function". Prog. Brain Res. 98: 121–7. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62388-2. PMID 8248499. 
  • van Koppen CJ, Nathanson NM (1991). "Site-directed mutagenesis of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Analysis of the role of N-glycosylation in receptor expression and function". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (34): 20887–92. PMID 2249995. 
  • Ashkenazi A, Ramachandran J, Capon DJ (1989). "Acetylcholine analogue stimulates DNA synthesis in brain-derived cells via specific muscarinic receptor subtypes". Nature. 340 (6229): 146–50. doi:10.1038/340146a0. PMID 2739737. 
  • Bonner TI, Buckley NJ, Young AC, Brann MR (1987). "Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes". Science. 237 (4814): 527–32. doi:10.1126/science.3037705. PMID 3037705. 
  • Peralta EG, Ashkenazi A, Winslow JW; et al. (1988). "Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors". EMBO J. 6 (13): 3923–9. PMC 553870 Freely accessible. PMID 3443095. 
  • Badner JA, Yoon SW, Turner G; et al. (1995). "Multipoint genetic linkage analysis of the m2 human muscarinic receptor gene". Mamm. Genome. 6 (7): 489–90. doi:10.1007/BF00360666. PMID 7579899. 
  • Offermanns S, Simon MI (1995). "G alpha 15 and G alpha 16 couple a wide variety of receptors to phospholipase C". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (25): 15175–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.25.15175. PMID 7797501. 
  • Russell M, Winitz S, Johnson GL (1994). "Acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis controls growth factor stimulation of Raf activity". Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (4): 2343–51. PMC 358601 Freely accessible. PMID 8139539. 
  • Kunapuli P, Onorato JJ, Hosey MM, Benovic JL (1994). "Expression, purification, and characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK5". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (2): 1099–105. PMID 8288567. 
  • Haga K, Kameyama K, Haga T; et al. (1996). "Phosphorylation of human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and protein kinase C". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (5): 2776–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.5.2776. PMID 8576254. 
  • Kostenis E, Conklin BR, Wess J (1997). "Molecular basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity studied by coexpression of wild type and mutant m2 muscarinic receptors with mutant G alpha(q) subunits". Biochemistry. 36 (6): 1487–95. doi:10.1021/bi962554d. PMID 9063897. 
  • Smiley JF, Levey AI, Mesulam MM (1998). "Infracortical interstitial cells concurrently expressing m2-muscarinic receptors, acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase in the human and monkey cerebral cortex". Neuroscience. 84 (3): 755–69. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00524-1. PMID 9579781. 
  • von der Kammer H, Mayhaus M, Albrecht C; et al. (1998). "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate expression of the EGR gene family of transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (23): 14538–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.23.14538. PMID 9603968. 
  • Sato KZ, Fujii T, Watanabe Y; et al. (1999). "Diversity of mRNA expression for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in human mononuclear leukocytes and leukemic cell lines". Neurosci. Lett. 266 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00259-1. PMID 10336173. 
  • Retondaro FC, Dos Santos Costa PC, Pedrosa RC, Kurtenbach E (1999). "Presence of antibodies against the third intracellular loop of the m2 muscarinic receptor in the sera of chronic chagasic patients". FASEB J. 13 (14): 2015–20. PMID 10544184. 
  • Waid DK, Chell M, El-Fakahany EE (2000). "M(2) and M(4) muscarinic receptor subtypes couple to activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase". Pharmacology. 61 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1159/000028378. PMID 10895079. 
  • Obara K, Arai K, Miyajima N; et al. (2000). "Expression of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in primary culture of human prostate stromal cells". Urol. Res. 28 (3): 196–200. doi:10.1007/s002400000113. PMID 10929429. 

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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Class A: Rhodopsin like
α1 (A, B, D) · α2 (A, B, C) · β1 · β2 · β3
Adenosine (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) · P2Y (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F) · 5-HT2 (A, B, C) · 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) · Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) · Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) · Melatonin (1A, 1B, 1C) · TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9)
Metabolites and
signaling molecules
CysLT (1, 2) · LTB4 (1, 2) · FPRL1 · OXE · Prostaglandin (DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), FP) · Prostacyclin · Thromboxane
Other
Bile acid · Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2, GPR (18, 55, 119)) · EBI2 · Estrogen · Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) · Lactate  · Lysophosphatidic acid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)  · Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · Niacin (1, 2) · Oxoglutarate · PAF · Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · Succinate
Peptide
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Other
Miscellaneous
GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 109A, 109B, 119, 120, 132, 135, 137B, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183)
Other
Class B: Secretin like
GPR (56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 155, 157)
Other
Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone
TAS1R (1, 2, 3) · TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 30, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50)
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Class F:
Frizzled / Smoothened
Frizzled
Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
Smoothened
es:Receptor muscarínico M2
  1. ↑ Gosso MF, van Belzen M, de Geus EJ; et al. (2006). "Association between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence in a sample of 304 Dutch families". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 5 (8): 577–584. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00211.x. PMID 17081262. 
  2. ↑ Dick DM, Aliev F, Kramer J; et al. (2007). "Association of CHRM2 with IQ: converging evidence for a gene influencing intelligence". Behav. Genet. 37 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9131-2. PMID 17160701. 
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  4. ↑ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4. 
  5. ↑ Boron, W. F and Boulpaep, E. L. (2005). Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 387. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Entrez Gene: CHRM2 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2". 
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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