Nefazodone

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Nefazodone
File:Nefazodone.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-(3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl)-3-ethyl-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 20% (variable)
Protein binding >99%
Metabolism Hepatic (active metabolites, including mCPP)[1]
Biological half-life 2–4 hours
Excretion Urine (55%), Feces (20–30%)
Identifiers
CAS Number 83366-66-9
ATC code N06AX06 (WHO)
PubChem CID 4449
DrugBank APRD00402
ChemSpider 4294
Chemical data
Formula C25H32ClN5O2
Molar mass 470.01 g/mol[[Script error: No such module "String".]]
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Nefazodone (Serzone, Nefadar) is an antidepressant marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Its sale was discontinued in 2003 in some countries due to the rare incidence of hepatotoxicity (liver damage), which could lead to the need for a liver transplant, or even death. The incidence of severe liver damage is approximately 1 in every 250,000 to 300,000 patient-years.[2] On May 20, 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb discontinued the sale of Serzone in the United States and Canada. Several generic formulations of nefazodone are still available.[3][4]

Pharmacology

Nefazodone acts primarily as a potent antagonist at the 5-HT2 receptors (26 nM).[5] It also has moderate affinity for the α1-adrenergic receptor (48 nM) and 5-HT1A receptor (80 nM), and very low affinity for the α2-adrenergic receptor (640 nM) and D2 receptor (910 nM).[5] It acts as an antagonist at all of these sites.[5][6] Nefazodone has low affinity for the serotonin (200 nM), norepinephrine (360 nM), and dopamine (360 nM) transporters as well, and therefore acts as a weak serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI).[7] It has negligible affinity for the H1 receptor (24,000 nM) or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (11,000 nM), and accordingly lacks any antihistamine or anticholinergic side effects.[7]

Dosing

Nefazodone doses for adults typically start at 50 mg twice daily uptitrated by 100 mg/day per week to a maximum of 600 mg (300 mg twice daily), according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Some patients with severe depression were treated with more than 600 mg/day. Most patients were treated with 300 mg–600 mg daily.

Side effects

Common and mild side effects of nefazodone reported in clinical trials more often than placebo include dry mouth (25%), sedation/somnolence (25%), nausea (22%), dizziness (17%), blurred/abnormal vision (16%), weakness (11%), lightheadedness (10%), confusion (7%), and orthostatic hypotension (5%).[8] Rare and serious adverse reactions may include allergic reaction, fainting, priapism (painful/prolonged erection), and jaundice.[9]

Unlike most serotonin reuptake inhibitors, nefazodone has a low incidence of negative effects on libido or sexual function, and is actually sometimes used as an antidote to SSRI or SNRI-induced impotence and anorgasmia in men.[10] Additionally, unlike mirtazapine, nefazodone is not especially associated with increased appetite and weight gain either.[11]

Interactions

Nefazodone is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isozyme of the cytochrome P450 system, and may therefore interact adversely with many commonly-used medications that are metabolized by CYP3A4.[1][12]

Advantages

Nefazodone's claimed advantages over other antidepressants include reduced possibility of disturbed sleep or sexual dysfunction, and ability to treat some patients who did not respond to other antidepressant drugs.

Nefazodone, though an antidepressant, may also be beneficial in the prophylaxis of migraines due to its antagonistic effects on the 5-HT2A[13] and 5-HT2C receptors.[14][15] It has a more favorable side effect profile than amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant commonly used for migraine prophylaxis.

See also

Chemistry

Nefazadone is a piperazine compound incorporating a 1,2,4-triazol-3-one ring. Rxn of the starting propionamide with phosgene leads to the corresponding imino chloride. This intermediate is condensed with hydrazine methylurethane to afford the corresponding guanidine from the displacement of chlorine by basic hydrazine nitrogen. Rxn with sodium methoxide leads first to the ionization of the amine on the side chain; this then cyclizes to a triazolone by displacing the carbamate methoxyl. Alkylation of the anion from rxn of the triazolone with a strong base with chloride affords nefazodone.

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http://10.1002/jhet.1985.5570220440

References

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GABAA PAMs
Others
α2δ VDCC Blockers
5-HT1A Agonists
Azapirones: Buspirone • Gepirone • Tandospirone; Others: Flesinoxan • Oxaflozane
H1 Antagonists
Diphenylmethanes: Captodiame • Hydroxyzine; Others: Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine • Pheniramine
CRH1 Antagonists
NK2 Antagonists
MCH1 antagonists
mGluR2/3 Agonists
mGluR5 NAMs
TSPO agonists
σ1 agonists
Others

M: PSO/PSI

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc, drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)

de:Nefazodon

pt:Nefazodona

sv:Nefazodon
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lexi-Comp (September 2008). "Nefazodone". The Merck Manual Professional.  Retrieved on November 29, 2008.
  2. ↑ Rxlist.com: "Nefazodone Prescribing Information", accessed 8 January 2007.]
  3. ↑ FDA Orange Book, accessed 15 January 2006.
  4. ↑ About.com: "Serzone Pulled from U.S. Market", accessed 15 January 2006.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E. (1994). "Binding of Antidepressants to Human Brain Receptors: Focus on Newer Generation Compounds". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 114 (4): 559–565. doi:10.1007/BF02244985. PMID 7855217.  line feed character in |title= at position 59 (help)
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E. (1997). "Pharmacological Profile of Antidepressants and Related Compounds at Human Monoamine Transporters". Eur J Pharmacol. 340 (2-3): 249–258. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821. 
  8. ↑ "Nefazodone (Serzone) FAQ". 
  9. ↑ http://www.drugs.com/serzone.html
  10. ↑ http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_684.html
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  14. ↑ Mylecharane EJ (1991). "5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy". J. Neurol. 238 Suppl 1: S45–52. PMID 2045831. 
  15. ↑ Millan MJ (2005). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–60. doi:10.2515/therapie:2005065. PMID 16433010. 
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